Bioplastic

Plastics are lighter and cheaper than other materials. They are the first choice in many industrial and commercial applications. Bioplastics are form of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, which are produced from different sources such as plants, algae, starch and microorganisms. Lemoigne first described a bioplastic PHB (Poly-3-HydroxyButyrate) in Bacillus megaterium.

                                    Important bioplastic types are starch base plastics, polylactic acid(PLA), Poly-3-HydroxyButyrate(PHB), polyamide 11, bio-derived polyethylene and genetically modified bioplastics.

                                    The phaCBA cluster encodes three proteins such as β-ketothiolase, NADPH-oxidoreductase and PHB polymerase. The regulation of PHB pathway seems to be  complex. In recombinant bacteria, an excess polymerase leads to the formation of a large number of PHB.

                                    There are three important limitation in the bulk production of bioplastics which are special growth condition, the difficulty involved in synthesising them from expensive precursors and high cost of their recovery.

                                    Bioplastics do not only have ecological advantages, they also help to conserve fossil raw materials and reduce our dependency on mineral oil. One trend in the bioplastic industry has been to improve bioplastic performance characteristics by utilizing nanotechnology. 

snake in mangrove (Nagarkovil, Jaffna)

The genus Lapemis is sometimes regarded as comprising two species, Lapemis curtus occurring in the Indian Ocean and Lapemis hardwickii occurring in Southeast Asia and Australasia (Cogger, 2000; Smith, 1926). However, Gritis and Voris (1990) examined the morphological variation of many individuals from representative populations throughout the geographic range of this genus and found higher levels of variation within subpopulations than between the two putative species. As such, there is likely to be only one species, Lapemis curtus, and Lapemis hardwickii is a synonym of this species. Common names of Lapemis curtus are Shaw's sea snake, short sea snake and spine-bellied sea snake.

About Snake

Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes that can be distinguished from legless lizards by their lack of eyelids and external ears. Like all squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with many more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads with their highly mobile jaws. To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung. Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca.

Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica, in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and on most smaller land masses — exceptions include some large islands, such as Ireland and New Zealand, and many small islands of the Atlantic and central Pacific.^[1] More than 20 familiesare currently recognized, comprising about 500 genera and about 3,400 species.^[2][3] They range in size from the tiny, 10 cm-long thread snake to the Reticulated python of up to 8.7 meters (29 ft) in length.^[4][5] The fossil species Titanoboa cerrejonensis was 15 meters (49 ft) long. Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards during the mid-Cretaceous period, and the earliest known fossils date to around 112Ma ago. The diversity of modern snakes appeared during the Paleocene period (c 66 to 56 Ma ago). The oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the Brooklyn Papyrus.

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